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Git is a popular version control system that allows you to share and collaborate on your projects.

Azure Machine Learning fully supports Git repositories for tracking work - you can clone repositories directly onto your shared workspace file system, use Git on your local workstation, or use Git from a CI/CD pipeline.

When submitting a job to Azure Machine Learning, if source files are stored in a local git repository then information about the repo is tracked as part of the training process.

Since Azure Machine Learning tracks information from a local git repo, it isn't tied to any specific central repository. Your repository can be cloned from GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket, Azure DevOps, or any other git-compatible service.

Tip

Use Visual Studio Code to interact with Git through a graphical user interface. To connect to an Azure Machine Learning remote compute instance using Visual Studio Code, see Connect to an Azure Machine Learning compute instance in Visual Studio Code (preview)

For more information on Visual Studio Code version control features, see Using Version Control in VS Code and Working with GitHub in VS Code.

Clone Git repositories into your workspace file system

Azure Machine Learning provides a shared file system for all users in the workspace.To clone a Git repository into this file share, we recommend that you create a compute instance & open a terminal.Once the terminal is opened, you have access to a full Git client and can clone and work with Git via the Git CLI experience.

We recommend that you clone the repository into your users directory so that others will not make collisions directly on your working branch.

You can clone any Git repository you can authenticate to (GitHub, Azure Repos, BitBucket, etc.)

For more information about cloning, see the guide on how to use Git CLI.

Authenticate your Git Account with SSH

Generate a new SSH key

1. Open the terminal window in the Azure Machine Learning Notebook Tab.

2. Paste the text below, substituting in your email address.

This creates a new ssh key, using the provided email as a label.

1. When you're prompted to 'Enter a file in which to save the key' press Enter. This accepts the default file location.

2. Verify that the default location is '/home/azureuser/.ssh' and press enter. Otherwise specify the location '/home/azureuser/.ssh'.

Tip

Make sure the SSH key is saved in '/home/azureuser/.ssh'. This file is saved on the compute instance is only accessible by the owner of the Compute Instance

1. At the prompt, type a secure passphrase. We recommend you add a passphrase to your SSH key for added security

Add the public key to Git Account

1. In your terminal window, copy the contents of your public key file. If you renamed the key, replace id_rsa.pub with the public key file name.

Tip

Copy and Paste in Terminal

• Windows: Ctrl-Insert to copy and use Ctrl-Shift-v or Shift-Insert to paste.
• Mac OS: Cmd-c to copy and Cmd-v to paste.
• FireFox/IE may not support clipboard permissions properly.

1. Select and copy the key output in the clipboard.

• Azure DevOps Start at Step 2.

• BitBucket. Start at Step 4.

Clone the Git repository with SSH

1. Copy the SSH Git clone URL from the Git repo.

2. Paste the url into the git clone command below, to use your SSH Git repo URL. This will look something like:

You will see a response like:

SSH may display the server's SSH fingerprint and ask you to verify it. You should verify that the displayed fingerprint matches one of the fingerprints in the SSH public keys page.

SSH displays this fingerprint when it connects to an unknown host to protect you from man-in-the-middle attacks. Once you accept the host's fingerprint, SSH will not prompt you again unless the fingerprint changes.

1. When you are asked if you want to continue connecting, type yes. Git will clone the repo and set up the origin remote to connect with SSH for future Git commands.

Track code that comes from Git repositories

When you submit a training run from the Python SDK or Machine Learning CLI, the files needed to train the model are uploaded to your workspace. If the git command is available on your development environment, the upload process uses it to check if the files are stored in a git repository. If so, then information from your git repository is also uploaded as part of the training run. This information is stored in the following properties for the training run:

This information is sent for runs that use an estimator, machine learning pipeline, or script run.

If your training files are not located in a git repository on your development environment, or the git command is not available, then no git-related information is tracked.

Tip

To check if the git command is available on your development environment, open a shell session, command prompt, PowerShell or other command line interface and type the following command:

If installed, and in the path, you receive a response similar to git version 2.4.1. For more information on installing git on your development environment, see the Git website.

View the logged information

The git information is stored in the properties for a training run. You can view this information using the Azure portal, Python SDK, and CLI.

Azure portal

1. From the studio portal, select your workspace.
2. Select Experiments, and then select one of your experiments.
3. Select one of the runs from the RUN NUMBER column.
4. Select Outputs + logs, and then expand the logs and azureml entries. Select the link that begins with ###_azure.

The logged information contains text similar to the following JSON:

Python SDK

After submitting a training run, a Run object is returned. The properties attribute of this object contains the logged git information. For example, the following code retrieves the commit hash:

CLI

The az ml run CLI command can be used to retrieve the properties from a run. For example, the following command returns the properties for the last run in the experiment named train-on-amlcompute:

For more information, see the az ml run reference documentation.

Next steps

The I/O Kit is a collection of system frameworks, libraries, tools, and other resources for creating device drivers in OS X. It is based on an object-oriented programming model implemented in a restricted form of C++ that omits features unsuitable for use within a multithreaded kernel. By modeling the hardware connected to an OS X system and abstracting common functionality for devices in particular categories, the I/O Kit streamlines the process of device-driver development.

This chapter talks about the inherent capabilities of the I/O Kit (and of the drivers developed with it), about the decisions informing its design, and about the I/O Kit when considered as a product. It also offers some caveats and guidelines for those considering developing kernel software such as device drivers.

Before You Begin

You might have developed device drivers for other platforms—Mac OS 9, perhaps, or BSD or another flavor of UNIX. One thing you'll discover reading this document is how different the approach is with the I/O Kit. Although writing drivers for OS X requires new ways of thinking and different ways of programming, you are amply rewarded for shifting to this new approach. The I/O Kit simplifies driver development and supports many categories of devices. Once you get the basics of the I/O Kit down, you'll find it a relatively easy and efficient matter to create device drivers.

Before you attempt driver development with the I/O Kit, Apple highly recommends certain prerequisites. Because the framework uses an object-oriented programming model, which is implemented in a restricted subset of C++, it helps to know C++ or object-oriented concepts in general. Also, device drivers are not the same thing as applications because, being kernel-resident, they must abide by more restrictive rules. Knowledge of kernel programming is therefore very useful.

Indeed, programming in the kernel is discouraged except when it is absolutely necessary. Many alternatives for communicating with hardware and networks exist at higher levels of the system, including the 'device interface' feature of the I/O Kit described in Controlling Devices From Outside the Kernel See Should You Program in the Kernel? for more on alternatives to kernel programming.

I/O Kit Features

From its inception, the fundamental goal for the I/O Kit has been to accommodate and augment native features and capabilities of OS X, particularly those of the kernel environment. As the driver model for OS X, the I/O Kit supports the following features:

• Dynamic and automatic device configuration (plug-and-play)

• Many new types of devices, including graphics acceleration and multimedia devices

• Power management (for example, 'sleep' mode)

• The kernel's enforcement of protected memory—separate address spaces for kernel and user programs

• Preemptive multitasking

• Symmetric multiprocessing

• Common abstractions shared between types of devices

• Enhanced development experience—new drivers should be easy to write

The I/O Kit supports these kernel features with its new model for device drivers and adds some additional features:

• An object-oriented framework implementing common behavior shared among all drivers and types (families) of drivers

• Many families for developers to build upon

• Threading, communication, and>

Using Static Constructors in an I/O Kit Driver

In OS X v10.4, GCC 4.0 is the default compiler for all new projects, including I/O Kit drivers. This section describes a particular difference between GCC 3.3 and GCC 4.0 that may affect the compatibility of your in-kernel driver between OS X v10.3.x and OS X v10.4.x. For more information on the differences between GCC 3.3 (the default compiler in OS X v10.3) and GCC 4.0, including porting guidance, see GCC Porting Guide.

If you perform static construction within a function in a C++ I/O Kit driver (or other KEXT) compiled with GCC 3.3 or earlier, be aware that the same KEXT compiled with GCC 4.0 will no longer load successfully. This is because GCC 4.0 is more strict about taking and releasing locks in the kernel environment. If you perform in-function static construction in your I/O Kit driver compiled with GCC 4.0, you will probably see the following error when you try to load it:

The solution to this problem is simple: move the static constructor to a global namespace. For example, suppose that your I/O Kit driver includes an in-function static construction, such as in the code shown below:

You can avoid loading errors by changing this code to avoid in-function static construction, as in the code shown below:

Note that you may be able to avoid the load errors associated with in-function static construction without changing your code if you compile your KEXT with GCC 4.0 using the -fno-threadsafe-statics compiler option, but this may lead to other problems. Specifically, unless you can guarantee thread safety in other ways, compiling your KEXT with this option may break your code.

The Parts of the I/O Kit

Physically and electronically, the I/O Kit is composed of many parts: frameworks and libraries, development and testing tools, and informational resources such as example projects, documentation, and header files. This section catalogs these parts and indicates where they are installed and how they can be accessed.

Frameworks and Libraries

The I/O Kit is based on three C++ libraries. All of them are packaged in frameworks, but only IOKit.framework is a true framework. The Kernel framework exists primarily to expose kernel header files, including those of libkern and IOKit. The code of these 'libraries' is actually built into the kernel; however, drivers (when loaded) do link against the kernel as if it were a library.

Applications and Tools

You use a handful of development applications to build, manage, debug, examine, and package device drivers. Table 1-2 lists the applications used in driver development; these applications are installed in /Developer/Applications.

Table 1-3 describes the command-line tools used in developing device drivers with the I/O Kit; all tools are located in /usr/sbin/ or /sbin.

Note: You can view on-line documentation of these tools (called man pages in the UNIX world) by entering a command in the shell provided by the Terminal application. The command is man, and the main argument to the man command is the name of the tool for which you want to see documentation. For example, to see the man page for the kextload tool, enter the following line in Terminal:

man kextload

Other I/O Kit Resources

Several informational resources are included with the I/O Kit 'product,' particularly documentation and header files. Some of these resources are described in the preceding chapter, Introduction to I/O Kit Fundamentals

The I/O Kit is part of the Darwin Open Source project. Apple maintains a website where you can find much information related to the I/O Kit and other Open Source projects managed by Apple. The following two locations are of particular interest:

• Open Source Projects—http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/

  Here you can find links to the Darwin and Darwin Streaming projects, among other projects. Also featured are links to documentation and tools.

• Mailing lists—http://developer.apple.com/darwin/mail.html

  This page features links that will put you on the Darwin-Development and DarwinOS-Users mailing lists, among others.

Should You Program in the Kernel?

If you are thinking of writing code for the kernel environment, think carefully. Programming in the kernel can be a difficult and dangerous task. And often there is a way to accomplish what you want to do without touching the kernel.

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Software that resides in the kernel tends to be expensive. Kernel code is 'wired' into physical memory and thus cannot be paged out by the virtual memory system. As more code is put into the kernel, less physical memory is available to user-space processes. Consequently, paging activity will probably intensify, thereby degrading system performance.

Kernel code is also inherently destabilizing, much more so than application code. The kernel environment is a single process, and this means that there is no memory protection between your driver and anything else in the kernel. Access memory in the wrong place and the entire system can grind to a halt, a victim of a kernel panic.

Moreover, because kernel code usually provides services to numerous user-space clients, any inefficiencies in the code can be propagated to those clients, thereby affecting the system globally.

Finally, kernel software is a real pain to write. There are subtleties to grapple with that are unknown in the realm of application development. And bugs in kernel code are harder to find than in user-space software.

With all this in mind, the message is clear. It is in everyone's best interest to put as little code as possible into the kernel. And any code that ends up in the kernel should be honed and rigorously tested.

When Code Should Reside in the Kernel

A handful of situations warrant loading a driver or extension into the kernel environment:

• The software is used by the kernel environment itself.

• User-space programs will frequently use the software.

• The software needs to respond directly to primary interrupts (those delivered by the CPU's interrupt controller).

If the software you are writing does not match any of these criteria, it probably doesn't belong in the kernel. If your software is a driver for a disk, a network controller, or a keyboard, it should reside in the kernel. If it is an extension to the file system, it should live in the kernel. If, on the other hand, it is used only now and then by a single user-space program, it should be loaded by the program and reside within it. Drivers for printers and scanners fall into this latter category. Temperature 1 mac os.

Alternatives to Kernel-Resident Code

Apple provides a number of technologies that might let you accomplish what you want to do and stay out of the kernel. First are the higher-level APIs that give you some hardware-level access. For example, Open Transport is a powerful resource for many networking capabilities, and Quartz Compositor enables you to do some fairly low-level things with the graphics subsystem.

Second, and just as important, is the device-interface technology of the I/O Kit framework. Through a plug-in architecture, this technology makes it possible for your application to interact with the kernel to access hardware. In addition, you can—with a little help from the I/O Kit—use POSIX APIs to access serial, storage, or network devices. See Controlling Devices From Outside the Kernel for a summary of device interfaces and see the documentAccessing Hardware From Applications for a full discussion of this technology.

Note: Objective-C does not provide device-level I/O services. However, in your Cocoa application, you can call the C APIs for device-level functionality that the I/O Kit and BSD provide. Note that you can view the man pages that document BSD and POSIX functions and tools at OS X Man Pages.

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